{"id":6806,"date":"2022-12-08T18:42:14","date_gmt":"2022-12-08T18:42:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/gouttes-de-lumiere\/"},"modified":"2023-02-02T13:40:44","modified_gmt":"2023-02-02T13:40:44","slug":"gouttes-de-lumiere","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/fr\/gouttes-de-lumiere\/","title":{"rendered":"Gouttes de lumi\u00e8re"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container fusion-parallax-none nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-background-position:center top;--awb-background-repeat:repeat-y;--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-background-image:url(&quot;https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/ape-sfumata.jpg&quot;);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1216.8px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:100px;\"><h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: red;\">S\u00e9lection et reproduction<\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">par Giacomo Acerbi<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Gouttes de lumi\u00e8re&#8230; qui portent des mots d\u2019amour&#8230;<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong><span style=\"color: black;\"><i>Maurice Maeterlink<\/i><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>&#8230; mais mes hommes papillons<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Dieu, \u00e0 quelle distance ils \u00e9taient<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Je les regardais se caresser l\u2019un l\u2019autre<\/em><br \/>\n<em>faire leur arc-en-ciel<\/em><br \/>\n<em>sensibilit\u00e9 presque dure<\/em><br \/>\n<em>cultiv\u00e9 sur mes seins&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong><span style=\"color: black;\">Mia Martini &#8211; hommes papillons<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;max-width:500px;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><p>Dans des articles pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents, nous nous sommes concentr\u00e9s sur l\u2019\u00e9thologie, la biologie, les facteurs de sant\u00e9 reproductive des drones, donc sur le r\u00f4le crucial de ces variables sur la forme physique, la performance et l\u2019\u00e9volution g\u00e9n\u00e9tique des colonies d\u2019abeilles. Le r\u00f4le que joue le m\u00e2le, tant \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur du superorganisme de la ruche pour lequel il s\u2019est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 pendant des millions d\u2019ann\u00e9es, est d\u00e9cisif pour la survie et la strat\u00e9gie s\u00e9lective du genre Apis. Et il appelle \u00e0 une interpr\u00e9tation \u00e9volutive possible de la biologie du drone, pour laquelle les relations de cause \u00e0 effet, le hasard, la capacit\u00e9 d\u2019adaptation, font partie, la matrice et la conception de l\u2019\u00e9thologie de l\u2019ensemble de la ruche.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-image:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,0) 75%,rgba(255,229,0,0.4) 0%);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;--awb-margin-right:10px;--awb-margin-left:10px;\"><h4>Relations&#8230; et la copule, c\u2019est le moins qu\u2019on puisse dire&#8230; Sp\u00e9cial<\/h4>\n<p>Nous nous sommes laiss\u00e9s \u00e0 la derni\u00e8re \u00e9tape de l\u2019accouplement, la copule, le moment o\u00f9 dans la com\u00e8te de f\u00e9condation, le drone attrape la jeune vierge et fait le sacrifice ultime, pour assurer l\u2019avenir de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce. Revenons maintenant \u00e0 la perception commune et r\u00e9pandue qui attribue le pivot du comportement reproducteur des abeilles \u00e0 la reine des abeilles. Au-del\u00e0 des apparences et des croyances se trouvent plut\u00f4t et encore une fois les drones \u00e0 conditionner sinon \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer une bonne partie des comportements et des phases vitales des jeunes reines d\u2019abeilles : du moment du s\u00e9jour dans le DCA, au nombre de vols nuptiaux, du succ\u00e8s &#8211; ou non &#8211; de l\u2019acte reproductif, au moment du d\u00e9but du d\u00e9p\u00f4t.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00ab&nbsp;Le Baiser&nbsp;\u00bb, Gustav Klimt 1907-08<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Certaines reines sont f\u00e9cond\u00e9es en un seul vol nuptial, d\u2019autres en deux, d\u2019autres en trois ou au maximum en quatre vols (Roberts, 1944)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:30px;--awb-padding-top-small:0px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:0px;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"563\" height=\"565\" alt=\"Le baiser de Gustav Klimt\" title=\"Il bacio &#8211; Gustav Klimt\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Il-bacio-Gustav-Klimt.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6429\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Il-bacio-Gustav-Klimt-200x201.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Il-bacio-Gustav-Klimt-400x401.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Il-bacio-Gustav-Klimt.jpg 563w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 563px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:15px;--awb-padding-top-small:0px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-small:20px;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><h4 class=\"\" style=\"--fontsize: 20; line-height: 1.4; --minfontsize: 20;\" data-fontsize=\"20\" data-lineheight=\"28px\">Qui apporte&#8230; pantalon?<\/h4>\n<p>Les reines vierges effectuent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement un nombre r\u00e9duit de vols d\u2019orientation, courts et courts, de maximum 2\/5 minutes (Woyke, 2007), pr\u00e9paratoires aux vrais vols de mariage dans le DCA (Koeniger, 2007).  <strong>Les vols de f\u00e9condation, en revanche, ont une dur\u00e9e allant de 3 minutes<\/strong> (vol le plus court enregistr\u00e9) <strong>\u00e0 57 minutes<\/strong> (vol le plus long), <strong>avec une moyenne comprise entre 15 et 30 minutes<\/strong> (Ruttner, 1964).  <strong>Les reines peuvent effectuer plusieurs vols nuptiaux cons\u00e9cutifs le m\u00eame jour (jusqu\u2019\u00e0 sept) et pendant plusieurs jours cons\u00e9cutifs<\/strong> (Heidiger, 2014) pour atteindre les DCA g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e0 une distance de 1\/2 km de leur ruche.  <strong>Ils sont fertilis\u00e9s par plusieurs drones dans le m\u00eame vol d\u2019accouplement, avec une moyenne de 8<\/strong> (Woyke, 1960). Une \u00e9tude de patrilin\u00e9arit\u00e9 sur les spermatozo\u00efdes, en un seul vol nuptial, a \u00e9tabli une fourchette de 5 \u00e0  <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">10 drones pour couplage unique (Franck, 2002). Tem<\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">peratura, conditions environnementales, \u00e2ge de la reine, distance <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">du Dca, concentration de drones dans les DCA voisines&#8230; <\/span> <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">peut affecter la dur\u00e9e et la fr\u00e9quence de l\u2019activit\u00e9 de vol <\/span> <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">de vierges. Typiquement, <strong>lorsque les oviductes sont remplis <\/strong> <\/span><strong><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">avec 120 millions de spermatozo\u00efdes, la reine retourne \u00e0 la ruche<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\"><strong>sont<\/strong>. Dans les vingt-quatre heures suivantes, le processus est effectu\u00e9<\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">J\u2019en connais environ 6 millions &#8211; seulement! &#8211; de spermatozo\u00efdes, \u00e0 travers  <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">le canal spermatique, passer dans la spermath\u00e8que. <strong>Ainsi, l&rsquo; <\/strong><\/span> <strong><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">95% des spermatozo\u00efdes sont expuls\u00e9s par vagi<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\"><strong>na<\/strong> (Woyke, 1988). Certaines reines se f\u00e9condent en un seul  <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">vol nuptial, d\u2019autres en deux, d\u2019autres en trois ou maximum <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">en quatre vols (Roberts, 1944). <strong>Ce qui fait les reines des abeilles <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\"><strong>d\u00e9j\u00e0 un retour fructueux \u00e0 la DCA ?<\/strong> Pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 cette <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">question, Woyke a analys\u00e9, en quatre ans de 1960 \u00e0 <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">1964, 2 434 vols de 628 reines. Il<strong> s\u2019est av\u00e9r\u00e9 que 37 % des<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\"><strong>les reines d\u00e9j\u00e0 fertiles ne reviennent pas pour fertiliser<\/strong>, alors que <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">63% le font, mais parmi celles-ci <strong>seulement 38% fertilisent un secon<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\"><strong>du temps et 8% une troisi\u00e8me fois<\/strong>. ce comportement  <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">est cons\u00e9quent \u00e0 la quantit\u00e9 de spermatozo\u00efdes acquise dans le  <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">spermath\u00e8que. Une quantit\u00e9 ad\u00e9quate de sperme dans les oviductes,  <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">qui permet le passage dans la spermath\u00e8que de 5,3 millions de <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">spermatozo\u00efdes fait en sorte qu\u2019aucune autre f\u00e9condation n\u2019est n\u00e9cessaire, <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">3,5 millions de spermatozo\u00efdes ne suffisent pas, ce qui <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">pousse la reine \u00e0 sortir \u00e0 nouveau de la ruche.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Limiter autant que possible la dur\u00e9e et la fr\u00e9quence des vols de la Reine est donc un aspect fondamental de la strat\u00e9gie de survie de l\u2019abeille : pr\u00e9dateurs, intemp\u00e9ries, d\u00e9rive  <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">d\u2019autres colonies, tout cela peut avoir un co\u00fbt tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9 pour la <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">colonie, ce qui entra\u00eene souvent sa mort. <\/span> <b><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">Le vol de mariage doit \u00eatre aussi court que possible mais avec le <\/span> r\u00e9sultat <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">n\u00e9cessaire <\/span><\/b><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">(Koeniger 2007) : <\/span><b style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">et ce sont encore une fois les drones qui d\u00e9terminent le comportement et les choix des jeunes <\/span><\/b><b style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">reines vierges<\/span><\/b><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">. D\u00e9j\u00e0 en 1964, Woyke avait \u00e9mis des hypoth\u00e8ses  <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">que la reine r\u00e9it\u00e8re les vols nuptiaux, en fonction du r\u00e9sultat <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">du dernier accouplement, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire de la quantit\u00e9 de spermatozo\u00efdes ou de la <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">concentration de spermatozo\u00efdes contenue dans la spermath\u00e8que.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-image:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,0) 70%,rgba(255,229,0,0.4) 0%);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:50px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:0px;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;--awb-margin-top:10px;--awb-margin-right:10px;--awb-margin-bottom:10px;--awb-margin-left:10px;\"><p>Cette th\u00e8se a \u00e9t\u00e9 soutenue par des \u00e9tudes ult\u00e9rieures, de sorte que le comportement de la reine d\u00e9pend du r\u00e9sultat du vol nuptial pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent, car elle est capable d\u2019\u00e9valuer le r\u00e9sultat du vol de f\u00e9condation. Un fait \u00e9tabli est que le temps de vol nuptial, avec une grande concentration de drones, est consid\u00e9rablement r\u00e9duit, avec \u00e9galement une plus grande concentration de spermatozo\u00efdes dans les oviductes (Koeniger, 2007).  <b>La possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019une f\u00e9condation multiple dans le m\u00eame vol nuptial est importante pour la strat\u00e9gie de reproduction des abeilles<\/b> (Koeniger, 2007): le nombre, la vigueur, la sant\u00e9, la qualit\u00e9 et la vitalit\u00e9 du sperme des drones ne sont pas seulement des \u00e9l\u00e9ments de base, mais d\u00e9terminent \u00e9galement les choix et le comportement des abeilles.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">D\u00e9tail du \u00ab&nbsp;Printemps de Botticelli&nbsp;\u00bb<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Lorsque le premier drone parvient \u00e0 attraper la vierge, en environ deux secondes, il conclut l\u2019acte (Koeniger, 2014), avec ensuite une succession d\u2019accouplements pour lesquels en 16 secondes vous pouvez avoir jusqu\u2019\u00e0 8 copules<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"468\" height=\"738\" alt=\"Le printemps de Botticelli\" title=\"Particolare da La Primavera di Botticelli\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Particolare-da-La-Primavera-di-Botticelli.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Particolare-da-La-Primavera-di-Botticelli-200x315.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Particolare-da-La-Primavera-di-Botticelli-400x631.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Particolare-da-La-Primavera-di-Botticelli.jpg 468w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 468px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-7 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top-small:0px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:20px;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><h4 data-fontsize=\"20\" style=\"--fontSize:20; line-height: 1.4; --minFontSize:20;\" data-lineheight=\"28px\" class=\"fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\">L\u2019un des c\u0153urs de la strat\u00e9gie de reproduction des abeilles; \u00ab Coop\u00e9ration post-mortem \u00bb<\/h4>\n<p><b>La pression s\u00e9lective et la maximisation du temps et de l\u2019intensit\u00e9 du vol nuptial sont des aspects \u00e9volutifs particuliers du genre Apis<\/b>. Chez de nombreuses esp\u00e8ces d\u2019insectes, les m\u00e2les utilisent les s\u00e9cr\u00e9tions glandulaires de la copule comme moyen de dissuasion et inhibiteur pour les concurrents (Thornhill et Alcock, 1983). Les drones \u00e9mettent plut\u00f4t des s\u00e9cr\u00e9tions glandulaires pour marquer la reine et faciliter sa reconnaissance par le prochain drone: un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne appel\u00e9 \u00ab coop\u00e9ration post-mortem \u00bb, visant \u00e0 optimiser le temps et la quantit\u00e9 de couplages en vol nuptial (Koeniger, 1990). Il y a une \u00e9norme variabilit\u00e9 dans le nombre d\u2019accouplements qu\u2019une reine peut Woyke en 1955 a identifi\u00e9 <b>une diff\u00e9rence dans le volume de spermatozo\u00efdes contenus dans les deux oviductes allant de 6 \u00e0 20 mm\u00b3<\/b>. Avec donc le nombre d\u2019accouplements en un seul vol nuptial de 1 \u00e0 15 m\u00e2les. Qu\u2019est-ce qui d\u00e9termine, dans les m\u00eames conditions environnementales, cette variabilit\u00e9 en un seul vol, de un \u00e0 dix ?  <b>Qu\u2019est-ce qui d\u00e9termine la fin d\u2019un vol de mariage ?<\/b>  Lorsque le premier drone parvient \u00e0 attraper la vierge, en environ deux secondes, il conclut l\u2019acte (Koeniger, 2014), avec ensuite une succession de couplages pour lesquels en 16 secondes vous pouvez avoir jusqu\u2019\u00e0 8 copules. Pour expliquer ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne, qui est au c\u0153ur de la strat\u00e9gie de reproduction des abeilles, il est n\u00e9cessaire, une fois de plus, de concentrer l\u2019attention sur le comportement des abeilles  <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">drones &#8211; <\/span><b><br \/>\n  <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">c\u2019est l\u2019\u00e9chec du m\u00e2le \u00e0 retirer le signe d\u2019accouplement <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">de son pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseur de <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">la chambre de piq\u00fbre de la reine, qui d\u00e9termine l\u2019impossibilit\u00e9 d\u2019effectuer un nouvel accouplement et la cessation cons\u00e9quente du vol nuptial<\/span><\/b><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">.  <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-8 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:66.666666666667%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:2.88%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:2.88%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-3 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"675\" height=\"496\" alt=\"Les Amants de Ren\u00e9 Magritte (1928)\" title=\"Gli Amanti &#8211; Ren\u00e9 Magritte\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Gli-Amanti-Rene-Magritte.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6447\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Gli-Amanti-Rene-Magritte-200x147.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Gli-Amanti-Rene-Magritte-400x294.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Gli-Amanti-Rene-Magritte-600x441.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Gli-Amanti-Rene-Magritte.jpg 675w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 675px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-9 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-color:rgba(255,229,0,0.4);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(255,229,0,0.4);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:100px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:5.76%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:0px;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;--awb-margin-top:10px;--awb-margin-right:10px;--awb-margin-bottom:10px;--awb-margin-left:10px;\"><p><em><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00ab&nbsp;Les Amants&nbsp;\u00bb, Ren\u00e9 Magritte, 1928<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Dans la nature, chez de nombreuses esp\u00e8ces d\u2019insectes, les m\u00e2les utilisent les s\u00e9cr\u00e9tions glandulaires de la copule comme moyen de dissuasion et inhibiteur pour les concurrents. Les drones \u00e9mettent plut\u00f4t des s\u00e9cr\u00e9tions glandulaires pour marquer la reine et faciliter sa reconnaissance par le prochain m\u00e2le<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-10 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><p><b>Dans le cas o\u00f9 la reine des abeilles ne re\u00e7oit pas la quantit\u00e9 suffisante de spermatozo\u00efdes<\/b> et atteint sa ruche, elle enl\u00e8ve <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">d\u2019elle-m\u00eame ou avec l\u2019aide d\u2019abeilles le signe de f\u00e9condation, et <\/span><b><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">revient pour f\u00e9conder le m\u00eame jour ou <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">dans le suivant <\/span><\/b><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">(Woyke, 2011). Le signe de la f\u00e9condation  <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">il se compose normalement des plaques chitinis\u00e9es de l\u2019endophallus du varech remplies de mucus, avec <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">des membranes orange qui recouvrent ses c\u00f4t\u00e9s et un fil mince saillant, qui reste, visible, \u00e0 l\u2019extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 de l\u2019abdomen du <\/span> <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">reine (Woyke, 1955). Le signe d\u2019accouplement est toujours  <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">provient de deux drones ou plus (Woyke, 2011) et est la cons\u00e9quence d\u2019une fertilisation multiple cons\u00e9cutive. La subversion progressive de l\u2019endophallus du varech provoque un  <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">traction de la marque d\u2019accouplement du varech pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent  <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">\u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur de la chambre de piq\u00fbre de la reine: les plaques  <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">de chitine et de mucus proviennent du varech pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent, mais le  <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">les membranes orange sont celles du drone qui a tent\u00e9 de l\u2019enlever sans succ\u00e8s (Woyke, 2011); c\u2019est ce qu\u2019il nous dit  <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">qu\u2019un m\u00e2le subs\u00e9quent a tent\u00e9 de s\u2019accoupler.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-11 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-image:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,0) 52%,rgba(255,229,0,0.4) 0%);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-4 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"414\" height=\"316\" alt=\"Photo tir\u00e9e du Journal of the Apicultural Science\" title=\"Journal photo de la science apicole\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Foto-Journal-of-the-Apicultural-Science.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6454\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Foto-Journal-of-the-Apicultural-Science-200x153.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Foto-Journal-of-the-Apicultural-Science-400x305.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Foto-Journal-of-the-Apicultural-Science.jpg 414w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 414px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:10px;--awb-margin-right:10px;--awb-margin-bottom:10px;--awb-margin-left:10px;\"><p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Photo tir\u00e9e de l\u2019\u00e9tude Pas la reine des abeilles mellif\u00e8res (Apis mellifera l.), mais le drone d\u00e9termine la fin du vol nuptial et le d\u00e9but de la ponte, Jerzy Woyk &#8211; 2016 &#8211; Journal of Apicultural Science<\/span><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Trois \u00e9tapes d\u2019accouplement:<br \/>\n1) le varech attrape la vierge et s\u2019approche de la partie terminale de l\u2019abdomen jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la chambre de piq\u00fbre de la reine,<br \/>\n2) les muscles de l\u2019abdomen du varech se contractent et l\u2019endophallus se produit partiellement,<br \/>\n3) \u00e9version compl\u00e8te de l\u2019endophallus<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-12 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:56px;--awb-padding-top-small:0px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:70px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:0px;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-5 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"426\" height=\"602\" alt=\"Trois \u00e9tapes de copie chez les abeilles\" title=\"Stadi dell&rsquo;accoppiamento\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Stadi-dellaccoppiamento.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6459\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Stadi-dellaccoppiamento-200x283.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Stadi-dellaccoppiamento-400x565.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Stadi-dellaccoppiamento.jpg 426w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 426px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-13 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><h4>La premi\u00e8re naissance et&#8230; sa \u00ab lune \u00bb<\/h4>\n<p>Le mode et le nombre d\u2019accouplements conditionnent \u00e9galement le moment o\u00f9 la reine commence \u00e0 pondre: <b>c\u2019est la capacit\u00e9 des drones avec lesquels elle s\u2019est accoupl\u00e9e, et non la reine donc, \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer le d\u00e9but de la ponte<\/b>. Une partie des reines d\u2019abeilles commence \u00e0 pondre le huiti\u00e8me jour de naissance, d\u2019autres le quatorzi\u00e8me. G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement en raison de l\u2019incapacit\u00e9 d\u2019un drone \u00e0 enlever le signe d\u2019accouplement du m\u00e2le pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent, la reine des abeilles n\u2019a pas re\u00e7u un volume suffisant de spermatozo\u00efdes et est donc incit\u00e9e \u00e0 effectuer un ou plusieurs vols nuptiaux (Woyke, 2008). \u00c9videmment, les conditions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques d\u00e9favorables peuvent affecter les r\u00e9sultats de la f\u00e9condation et donc le d\u00e9but de la ponte de la reine, mais ce qui d\u00e9termine plus de vols de f\u00e9condation et donc le moment du d\u00e9but du d\u00e9p\u00f4t de la jeune reine des abeilles est souvent li\u00e9 au succ\u00e8s ou non d\u2019un drone dans l\u2019\u00e9limination du signe d\u2019accouplement du m\u00e2le pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent. En moyenne, le nombre de drones fertilisant une reine d\u2019abeille en un seul vol nuptial est compris entre 7 et 10 (Wendel, 1958), et en moyenne, l\u2019\u00e9chec \u00e0 enlever le signe d\u2019accouplement est d\u00e9termin\u00e9 par le septi\u00e8me au dixi\u00e8me varech qui, dans l\u2019ordre, tente de fertiliser la reine. L\u2019efficacit\u00e9 ou non des drones dans la r\u00e9alisation de cette \u00e9limination peut \u00eatre due \u00e0 des facteurs anatomiques et \/ ou \u00e0 des aspects de leur sant\u00e9 reproductive. D\u2019autre part, diff\u00e9rentes conformations anatomiques de la chambre de piq\u00fbre des reines peuvent ou non favoriser la copule.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-14 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:62px;--awb-padding-top-small:0px;--awb-bg-image:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,0) 82%,rgba(255,229,0,0.4) 0%);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:50px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:20px;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-6 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"599\" height=\"608\" alt=\"Espoir II - Gustav Klimt\" title=\"La Speranza II &#8211; Gustav Klimt\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/La-Speranza-II-Gustav-Klimt.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6464\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/La-Speranza-II-Gustav-Klimt-200x203.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/La-Speranza-II-Gustav-Klimt-400x406.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/La-Speranza-II-Gustav-Klimt.jpg 599w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 599px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:10px;--awb-margin-right:10px;--awb-margin-bottom:10px;--awb-margin-left:10px;\"><p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00ab\u00a0Hope II \u00bb, Gustav Klimt, 1907-08<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Une partie des reines des abeilles commence \u00e0 pondre le huiti\u00e8me jour de la naissance, d\u2019autres le quatorzi\u00e8me<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-15 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:20px;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><p><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">Une fois de plus, nous v\u00e9rifions comment le varech est beaucoup plus et <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">beaucoup plus que de simples \u00ab spermatozo\u00efdes volants \u00bb, mais anneau <\/span> <span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">crucial et pivot de la strat\u00e9gie de reproduction, de la survie et de l\u2019\u00e9volution des abeilles. M\u00eame s\u2019ils \u00e9chappent encore \u00e0 la  <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">notre compr\u00e9hension de plusieurs aspects sur la f\u00e9condation <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">des abeilles, dans l\u2019\u00e9volution des connaissances un protagoni<\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">se distingue avec une importance croissante: <\/span><b style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">le drone est bien plus <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">qu\u2019un simple v\u00e9hicule de g\u00e8nes pour la prog\u00e9niture<\/span><\/b><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">. Sa valeur  <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">elle va bien au-del\u00e0 et transcende le r\u00f4le qui lui a \u00e9t\u00e9 assign\u00e9 <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">pendant des si\u00e8cles par une vision limit\u00e9e et anthropocentrique de la <\/span> <span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">biologie des abeilles. La qualit\u00e9 des m\u00e2les que nous \u00e9levons, le  <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">leur sant\u00e9 reproductive, est sans aucun doute le c\u0153ur de la <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">forme physique et de la performance de nos ruches, du <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">succ\u00e8s ou de l\u2019\u00e9chec des strat\u00e9gies zootechniques ou s\u00e9lectives qui <\/span> <span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">ils peuvent \u00eatre fabriqu\u00e9s par une entreprise apicole. Les deux ci-dessous  <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">le profil biologique et g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, toute la vie et la survie des abeilles tourne autour du comportement, des strat\u00e9gies de collaboration,<\/span> <span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">de la dynamique d\u2019accouplement de&#8230; Drones!<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-16 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-color:rgba(249,147,147,0.4);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(249,147,147,0.4);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;--awb-margin-top:10px;--awb-margin-right:10px;--awb-margin-bottom:10px;--awb-margin-left:10px;\"><p style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><b>PRINCIPALES R\u00c9F\u00c9RENCES<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">&#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/00448435_1991_22_6_ART0002\/Apidologie_0044-8435_1991_22_6_ART0002.html\">Une approche \u00e9volutive du comportement d\u2019accouplement et des organes copulatoires des drones chez Apis N. Koenigera et G. Koenigerb &#8211; 1991 &#8211; Apidologie<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <font size=\"3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/view\/journals\/jas\/60\/2\/article-p25.xml?language=en\">Pas l\u2019abeille mellif\u00e8re (Apis mellifera L.) Reine, mais le drone d\u00e9termine la fin du vol nuptial et le d\u00e9but de la ponte &#8211; Les pol\u00e9miques, abn\u00e9gations, corrections et suppl\u00e9ments J. Woyke &#8211; 2016 &#8211; Journal of Apicultural Science<\/a><\/font><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6454,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33,65],"tags":[71],"class_list":["post-6806","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-non-classifiee","category-selezione-e-riproduzione","tag-francese"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6806","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6806"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6806\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6454"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6806"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6806"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6806"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}