{"id":7699,"date":"2023-03-09T13:08:23","date_gmt":"2023-03-09T13:08:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/gotas-de-luz\/"},"modified":"2023-03-21T14:00:05","modified_gmt":"2023-03-21T14:00:05","slug":"gotas-de-luz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/es\/gotas-de-luz\/","title":{"rendered":"Gotas de luz"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container fusion-parallax-none nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-background-position:center top;--awb-background-repeat:repeat-y;--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-background-image:url(&quot;https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/ape-sfumata.jpg&quot;);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1216.8px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:100px;\"><h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: red;\">Selecci\u00f3n y reproducci\u00f3n<\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">por Giacomo Acerbi<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Gotas de luz&#8230; portadoras de palabras de amor&#8230;<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong><span style=\"color: black;\"><i>Maurice Maeterlink<\/i><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>&#8230;pero mis hombres mariposa<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Dios, qu\u00e9 lejos estaban<\/em><br \/>\n<em>los vi acariciarse<\/em><br \/>\n<em>hacen su arco iris<\/em><br \/>\n<em>ternura casi dura<\/em><br \/>\n<em>cultivado en mi pecho&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong><span style=\"color: black;\">Mia Martini &#8211; hombres mariposa<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;max-width:500px;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><p>En art\u00edculos anteriores, nos hemos centrado en la etolog\u00eda, la biolog\u00eda y los factores de salud reproductiva de los z\u00e1nganos, y por tanto en el papel crucial de estas variables sobre la aptitud, el rendimiento y la evoluci\u00f3n gen\u00e9tica de las colonias de abejas. El papel que desempe\u00f1a el macho, tanto dentro como fuera del superorganismo colmena para el que se ha especializado a lo largo de millones de a\u00f1os, es decisivo para la supervivencia y la estrategia selectiva del g\u00e9nero Apis. Solicita una posible clave evolutiva de la biolog\u00eda de las algas, seg\u00fan la cual las relaciones de causa y efecto, el azar, la capacidad de adaptaci\u00f3n, forman parte, matriz y dise\u00f1o de la etolog\u00eda de toda la colmena.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-image:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,0) 75%,rgba(255,229,0,0.4) 0%);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;--awb-margin-right:10px;--awb-margin-left:10px;\"><h4>Las relaciones&#8230; y la c\u00f3pula, por decir algo&#8230; especial.<\/h4>\n<p>Nos quedamos en la \u00faltima etapa del apareamiento, la c\u00f3pula, el momento en que en el cometa de la fecundaci\u00f3n, el alga agarra a la joven virgen y hace el sacrificio definitivo, para asegurar el futuro de la especie. Volvamos ahora a la percepci\u00f3n com\u00fan y generalizada que atribuye a la abeja reina el centro del comportamiento reproductivo de las abejas. Sin embargo, m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de las apariencias y las creencias, son una vez m\u00e1s los z\u00e1nganos los que condicionan, si no determinan, gran parte del comportamiento y de las etapas de la vida de las abejas reinas j\u00f3venes: desde el momento de su estancia en los DCA, hasta el n\u00famero de vuelos nupciales, desde el \u00e9xito -o no- del acto reproductivo, hasta el momento del inicio de la puesta.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00abEl beso\u00bb, Gustav Klimt 1907-08<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Algunas reinas fecundan en un solo vuelo nupcial, otras en dos, otras en tres o m\u00e1ximo cuatro vuelos (Roberts, 1944)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:30px;--awb-padding-top-small:0px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:0px;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"563\" height=\"565\" alt=\"El beso de Gustav Klimt\" title=\"Il bacio &#8211; Gustav Klimt\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Il-bacio-Gustav-Klimt.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6431\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Il-bacio-Gustav-Klimt-200x201.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Il-bacio-Gustav-Klimt-400x401.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Il-bacio-Gustav-Klimt.jpg 563w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 563px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:15px;--awb-padding-top-small:0px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-small:20px;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"--fontsize: 20; line-height: 1.4; --minfontsize: 20;\" data-fontsize=\"20\" data-lineheight=\"28px\">\u00bfQui\u00e9n lleva&#8230; pantalones?<\/h4>\n<p>Las reinas v\u00edrgenes suelen realizar un peque\u00f1o n\u00famero de vuelos cortos de orientaci\u00f3n de no m\u00e1s de 2 a 5 minutos (Woyke, 2007), preparatorios para los vuelos nupciales propiamente dichos en la Dca (Koeniger, 2007). <strong>Los vuelos de fecundaci\u00f3n, por su parte, duran entre 3 minutos<\/strong> (vuelo m\u00e1s corto registrado)<strong>a los 57 minutos<\/strong> (vuelo m\u00e1s largo), <strong>con una media de entre 15 y 30 minutos<\/strong> (Ruttner, 1964). <strong>Las reinas pueden realizar varios vuelos nupciales consecutivos en el mismo d\u00eda (hasta siete) y durante varios d\u00edas consecutivos<\/strong> (Heidiger, 2014) para llegar a la Dca generalmente a una distancia de 1\/2 km de su colmena. <strong>Son fecundadas por varios z\u00e1nganos en el mismo vuelo de apareamiento, una media de 8<\/strong> (Woyke, 1960). Un estudio de patrilinealidad en espermatozoides de un solo vuelo nupcial determin\u00f3 un rango de 5 a <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">10 z\u00e1nganos por apareamiento (Franck, 2002). Tem<\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">peratura, condiciones ambientales, edad de la reina, distancia <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">de Dca, concentraci\u00f3n de drones en la vecina Dca&#8230; <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">puede influir en la duraci\u00f3n y frecuencia de la actividad de vuelo <\/span> <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">de v\u00edrgenes. En general, <strong>cuando se llenan los oviductos <\/strong> <\/span><strong><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">con 120 millones de espermatozoides, la reina regresa a la colmena<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\"><strong>are<\/strong>. En las siguientes veinticuatro horas tiene lugar el proceso<\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">as\u00ed que unos 6 millones &#8211; \u00a1solo! &#8211; de espermatozoides, mediante <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">el conducto esperm\u00e1tico, pasan a la espermateca. <strong>As\u00ed que el <\/strong><\/span><strong><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">El 95% de los espermatozoides son expulsados por la vagina.<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">(Woyke, 1988)<strong>.<\/strong> Algunas reinas fecundan en una sola <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">vuelo nupcial, otros en dos, otros en tres o m\u00e1ximo <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">en cuatro vuelos (Roberts, 1944). <strong>Qu\u00e9 hace que las abejas reinas <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\"><strong>retorno ya f\u00e9rtil al Dca?<\/strong> Para responder a esta<\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">pregunta que Woyke analiz\u00f3, en cuatro a\u00f1os, de 1960 a <\/span> <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">1964, 2.434 vuelos de 628 reinas. Result\u00f3 que <strong>el 37% de<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\"><strong>las reinas ya f\u00e9rtiles no vuelven a fecundar<\/strong>, mientras que<\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">63% s\u00ed, pero entre ellos <strong>s\u00f3lo el 38% fecunda por segunda vez.<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\"><strong>veces y un 8% una tercera vez<\/strong>. Este comportamiento <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">es consecuencia de la cantidad de espermatozoides adquiridos en el <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">espermateca. Una cantidad adecuada de semen en los oviductos, <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">permitiendo que 5,3 millones pasen a trav\u00e9s de la espermateca <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">de espermatozoides hace innecesaria la fecundaci\u00f3n posterior, <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">3,5 millones de espermatozoides, por otra parte, no son suficientes, lo que <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">empuja a la reina fuera de la colmena de nuevo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Limitar al m\u00e1ximo la duraci\u00f3n y la frecuencia de los vuelos de la reina es, por tanto, un aspecto fundamental de la estrategia de supervivencia de las abejas: los depredadores, la climatolog\u00eda adversa, la deriva de las <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">otras colonias, todo ello a un coste muy elevado para el <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">colonia, lo que a menudo provoca su muerte. <\/span><b><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">El vuelo nupcial debe ser lo m\u00e1s corto posible pero con el resultado <\/span> <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">necesario<\/span><\/b> <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\"> (Koeniger 2007): <\/span><b><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">y, una vez m\u00e1s, son los z\u00e1nganos los que determinan el comportamiento y las elecciones de los j\u00f3venes <\/span> <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">abejas reinas v\u00edrgenes<\/span><\/b><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">. Ya en 1964, Woyke hab\u00eda formulado la hip\u00f3tesis <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">que la reina reitere los vuelos nupciales, dependiendo del resultado <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">del \u00faltimo acoplamiento, es decir, la cantidad de esperma o <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">concentraci\u00f3n de espermatozoides en la espermateca.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-image:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,0) 67%,rgba(255,229,0,0.4) 0%);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:50px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:0px;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;--awb-margin-top:10px;--awb-margin-right:10px;--awb-margin-bottom:10px;--awb-margin-left:10px;\"><p>Esta tesis ha sido confirmada por estudios posteriores, seg\u00fan los cuales el comportamiento de la reina depende del resultado del vuelo nupcial anterior. Un hecho establecido es que el tiempo del vuelo nupcial, con una gran concentraci\u00f3n de z\u00e1nganos, se reduce en gran medida, con tambi\u00e9n una mayor concentraci\u00f3n de esperma en los oviductos (Koeniger, 2007). <b>La posibilidad de una fecundaci\u00f3n m\u00faltiple en el mismo vuelo nupcial es importante para la estrategia reproductiva de las abejas<\/b> (Koeniger, 2007): el n\u00famero, el vigor, la salud, la calidad y la vitalidad del esperma de los z\u00e1nganos no s\u00f3lo son elementos b\u00e1sicos, sino que tambi\u00e9n determinan las elecciones y el comportamiento de las abejas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Detalle de \u00abLa Primavera de Botticelli\u00bb<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Cuando el primer z\u00e1ngano consigue agarrar a la virgen, concluye el acto en unos dos segundos (Koeniger, 2014), produci\u00e9ndose a continuaci\u00f3n una sucesi\u00f3n de acoplamientos de forma que en 16 segundos puede haber hasta 8 c\u00f3pulas<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"468\" height=\"738\" alt=\"Primavera de Botticelli\" title=\"Particolare da La Primavera di Botticelli\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Particolare-da-La-Primavera-di-Botticelli.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6440\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Particolare-da-La-Primavera-di-Botticelli-200x315.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Particolare-da-La-Primavera-di-Botticelli-400x631.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Particolare-da-La-Primavera-di-Botticelli.jpg 468w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 468px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-7 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top-small:0px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:20px;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><h4>Uno de los corazones de la estrategia reproductiva de las abejas; &#8216;cooperaci\u00f3n post-mortem<\/h4>\n<p><b>La presi\u00f3n selectiva y la maximizaci\u00f3n del tiempo y la intensidad del vuelo nupcial son peculiaridades evolutivas del g\u00e9nero Apis<\/b>. En muchas especies de insectos, los machos utilizan secreciones glandulares en la c\u00f3pula como elemento disuasorio e inhibidor para los competidores (Thornhill y Alcock, 1983). En su lugar, los z\u00e1nganos emiten secreciones glandulares para marcar a la reina y facilitar su reconocimiento por los siguientes z\u00e1nganos: un fen\u00f3meno denominado \u00abcooperaci\u00f3n post-mortem\u00bb, destinado a optimizar el tiempo y la cantidad de apareamientos en el vuelo nupcial (Koeniger, 1990). Existe una enorme variabilidad en el n\u00famero de apareamientos que una reina puede<br \/>\nhacer en un vuelo nupcial: Woyke identificado en 1955 <b>una diferencia en el volumen de esperma contenido en ambos oviductos que oscila entre 6 y 20 mm\u00b3<\/b> . As\u00ed, el n\u00famero de apareamientos en un solo vuelo nupcial oscila entre 1 y 15 machos. \u00bfQu\u00e9 es lo que determina, en las mismas condiciones ambientales, esta variabilidad en un mismo vuelo de uno a diez? <b>\u00bfQu\u00e9 determina el final de un vuelo nupcial?<\/b> Cuando el primer z\u00e1ngano logra agarrar a la virgen, concluye el acto en unos dos segundos (Koeniger, 2014), con lo que a continuaci\u00f3n se suceden los acoplamientos, de modo que en 16 segundos puede haber hasta ocho c\u00f3pulas. Para explicar este fen\u00f3meno, que est\u00e1 en el centro de la estrategia reproductiva de las abejas, es necesario, una vez m\u00e1s, centrarse en el comportamiento de las <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">z\u00e1nganos: <\/span><b><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">es el fracaso del macho para eliminar el signo <\/span> <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">del acoplamiento de su predecesor de la c\u00e1mara <\/span> <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">de la picadura de la reina, lo que provoca la imposibilidad de nuevos apareamientos y el consiguiente cese del vuelo nupcial<\/span><\/b><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">.  <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-8 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:66.666666666667%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:2.88%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:2.88%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-3 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"675\" height=\"496\" alt=\"Los amantes de Ren\u00e9 Magritte (1928)\" title=\"Gli Amanti &#8211; Ren\u00e9 Magritte\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Gli-Amanti-Rene-Magritte.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6449\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Gli-Amanti-Rene-Magritte-200x147.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Gli-Amanti-Rene-Magritte-400x294.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Gli-Amanti-Rene-Magritte-600x441.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Gli-Amanti-Rene-Magritte.jpg 675w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 675px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-9 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-color:rgba(255,229,0,0.4);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(255,229,0,0.4);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:100px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:5.76%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:0px;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;--awb-margin-top:10px;--awb-margin-right:10px;--awb-margin-bottom:10px;--awb-margin-left:10px;\"><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00abLos amantes\u00bb, Ren\u00e9 Magritte, 1928<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">En la naturaleza, los machos de muchas especies de insectos utilizan secreciones glandulares en la c\u00f3pula como elemento disuasorio e inhibidor de los competidores. Los z\u00e1nganos, por su parte, emiten secreciones glandulares para marcar a la reina y facilitar su reconocimiento por el siguiente macho.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-10 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><p><b>En caso de que la abeja reina no reciba suficiente esperma<\/b> e raggiunga il suo alveare, rimuove da <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">por s\u00ed misma o con la ayuda de las abejas el signo de la fecundaci\u00f3n, y <\/span><b><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">vuelve a fecundar el mismo d\u00eda o <\/span> <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">en la siguiente<\/span><\/b><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\"> (Woyke, 2011). El signo de la fecundaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">normalmente consiste en las placas quitinizadas del endofalo del alga rellenas de moco, con membranas <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">l\u00edneas anaranjadas que cubren sus costados y un delgado filete saliente, que queda, visible, al final del abdomen del <\/span> <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">reina (Woyke, 1955). El signo de apareamiento es siempre <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">procede de dos o m\u00e1s z\u00e1nganos (Woyke, 2011) y es consecuencia de una fecundaci\u00f3n m\u00faltiple consecutiva. La eversi\u00f3n progresiva del endofalo del quelpo provoca una <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">tir\u00f3n de la marca de acoplamiento del z\u00e1ngano anterior <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">fuera de la c\u00e1mara de picadura de la reina: las placas <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">quitina y el moco proceden del alga anterior, pero el <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">membranas de color naranja son de las algas que trataron de eliminarlo sin \u00e9xito (Woyke, 2011); esto indica <\/span><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">que un macho posterior intent\u00f3 aparearse.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-11 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-image:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,0) 48%,rgba(255,229,0,0.4) 0%);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-4 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"414\" height=\"316\" alt=\"Foto tratta da Journal of the Apicultural Science\" title=\"Foto Journal of the Apicultural Science\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Foto-Journal-of-the-Apicultural-Science.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6456\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Foto-Journal-of-the-Apicultural-Science-200x153.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Foto-Journal-of-the-Apicultural-Science-400x305.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Foto-Journal-of-the-Apicultural-Science.jpg 414w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 414px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:10px;--awb-margin-right:10px;--awb-margin-bottom:10px;--awb-margin-left:10px;\"><p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Foto tratta dallo studio No es la abeja mel\u00edfera (Apis mellifera l.) reina, sino el z\u00e1ngano el que determina la finalizaci\u00f3n del vuelo nupcial y el inicio de la oviposici\u00f3n, Jerzy Woyk &#8211; 2016 &#8211; Journal of Apicultural Science<\/span><\/p>\n<hr>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Tres etapas de apareamiento:<br \/>\n1) el kelp agarra a la virgen y coloca el extremo de su abdomen cerca de la c\u00e1mara de picadura de la reina,<br \/>\n2) los m\u00fasculos del abdomen de la almeja se contraen y el endofalo se everte parcialmente,<br \/>\n3) eversi\u00f3n completa del endofalo<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-12 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:56px;--awb-padding-top-small:0px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:70px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:0px;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-5 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"426\" height=\"602\" alt=\"Tres fases de apareamiento en las abejas\" title=\"Stadi dell&#8217;accoppiamento\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Stadi-dellaccoppiamento.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6461\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Stadi-dellaccoppiamento-200x283.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Stadi-dellaccoppiamento-400x565.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Stadi-dellaccoppiamento.jpg 426w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 426px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-13 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><h4>El primer nacimiento y&#8230; su \u00abluna<\/h4>\n<p>El modo de apareamiento y el n\u00famero de apareamientos tambi\u00e9n condicionan el momento en que la reina comienza a poner: <b>es la capacidad de los z\u00e1nganos con los que se ha apareado, y no por tanto la reina, la que determina el inicio de la oviposici\u00f3n<\/b>. Algunas abejas reinas empiezan a poner al octavo d\u00eda de nacer, otras al decimocuarto. Normalmente, debido al fracaso de un z\u00e1ngano en eliminar la marca de apareamiento del macho precedente, la abeja reina no ha recibido suficiente volumen de esperma, por lo que es inducida a realizar de nuevo uno o m\u00e1s vuelos nupciales (Woyke, 2008). Obviamente, las condiciones meteorol\u00f3gicas adversas pueden afectar al resultado de la fecundaci\u00f3n y, por tanto, al inicio de la oviposici\u00f3n por parte de la reina, pero lo que determina m\u00e1s vuelos de fecundaci\u00f3n y, por tanto, el momento del inicio de la puesta por parte de la joven abeja reina suele estar relacionado con el \u00e9xito o no de un z\u00e1ngano a la hora de eliminar la marca de apareamiento del macho anterior. Por t\u00e9rmino medio, el n\u00famero de z\u00e1nganos que fecundan a una abeja reina en un solo vuelo nupcial oscila entre siete y diez (Wendel, 1958) y, por t\u00e9rmino medio, el fracaso en la eliminaci\u00f3n de la marca de apareamiento viene determinado por el s\u00e9ptimo al d\u00e9cimo z\u00e1ngano que, en secuencia, intenta fecundar a la reina. L\u2019efficienza o meno dei fuchi nel compiere questa rimozione pu\u00f2 essere conseguente a fattori anatomici e\/o ad aspetti della loro salute riproduttiva. Por el contrario, las diferentes conformaciones anat\u00f3micas de la c\u00e1mara del aguij\u00f3n de las reinas pueden favorecer o no la c\u00f3pula.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-14 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:62px;--awb-padding-top-small:0px;--awb-bg-image:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,0) 82%,rgba(255,229,0,0.4) 0%);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:50px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:20px;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-6 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"599\" height=\"608\" alt=\"Esperanza II - Gustav Klimt\" title=\"La Speranza II &#8211; Gustav Klimt\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/La-Speranza-II-Gustav-Klimt.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6466\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/La-Speranza-II-Gustav-Klimt-200x203.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/La-Speranza-II-Gustav-Klimt-400x406.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/La-Speranza-II-Gustav-Klimt.jpg 599w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 599px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:10px;--awb-margin-right:10px;--awb-margin-bottom:10px;--awb-margin-left:10px;\"><p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00abEsperanza II\u00bb, Gustav Klimt, 1907-08<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Algunas abejas reinas empiezan a poner al octavo d\u00eda de nacer, otras al decimocuarto.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-15 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:20px;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><p><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">Una vez m\u00e1s comprobamos como el dron es mucho m\u00e1s y <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">m\u00e1s que \u00abespermatozoide volador\u00bb, sino anillo <\/span> <span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">crucial y fundamental para la estrategia reproductiva, la supervivencia y la evoluci\u00f3n de las abejas. Aunque siguen escapando a la <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">nuestra comprensi\u00f3n de varios aspectos de la fecundaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">de las abejas, en la evoluci\u00f3n del conocimiento un protagoni<\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">destaca cada vez con mayor importancia: <\/span><b style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">el dron es mucho m\u00e1s <\/span> <span style=\"background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing);\">de un mero veh\u00edculo de genes a la progenie<\/span><\/b><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">. su valor <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">va mucho m\u00e1s all\u00e1 y trasciende el papel que se le asigna <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">durante siglos por una visi\u00f3n limitada y antropoc\u00e9ntrica del <\/span> <span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">biolog\u00eda de las abejas. La calidad de los machos que criamos, la <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">su salud reproductiva, est\u00e1 sin duda en el centro de la <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">aptitud y rendimiento de nuestras colmenas, la buena <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">\u00e9xito o fracaso de las estrategias zoot\u00e9cnicas o selectivas que <\/span> <span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">puede ser realizada por una empresa ap\u00edcola. Ambos bajo <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">perfil biol\u00f3gico y gen\u00e9tico, toda la vida y la supervivencia de las abejas gira en torno al comportamiento, las estrategias de <\/span><span style=\"color: var(--body_typography-color); font-family: var(--body_typography-font-family); font-size: var(--body_typography-font-size); font-style: var(--body_typography-font-style,normal); font-weight: var(--body_typography-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--body_typography-letter-spacing); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\">colaboraci\u00f3n, din\u00e1mica de apareamiento de&#8230; z\u00e1nganos<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-16 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-color:rgba(249,147,147,0.4);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(249,147,147,0.4);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;--awb-margin-top:10px;--awb-margin-right:10px;--awb-margin-bottom:10px;--awb-margin-left:10px;\"><p style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><b>PRINCIPALES REFERENCIAS<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">&#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/00448435_1991_22_6_ART0002\/Apidologie_0044-8435_1991_22_6_ART0002.html\">Un enfoque evolutivo del comportamiento de apareamiento y de los \u00f3rganos copuladores de los z\u00e1nganos en Apis N. Koenigera y G. Koenigerb &#8211; 1991 &#8211; Apidologie<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <font size=\"3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/view\/journals\/jas\/60\/2\/article-p25.xml?language=en\">No es la abeja mel\u00edfera (Apis mellifera L.) reina, sino el z\u00e1ngano quien determina la terminaci\u00f3n del vuelo nupcial y el inicio de la oviposici\u00f3n &#8211; Las pol\u00e9micas, abnegaciones, correcciones y suplementos J. Woyke &#8211; 2016 &#8211; Journal of Apicultural Science<\/a><\/font><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6456,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[65,34],"tags":[73,82],"class_list":["post-7699","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-selezione-e-riproduzione","category-sin-categorizar","tag-italiano","tag-spagnolo"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7699","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7699"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7699\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6456"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7699"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7699"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tenutailritiro.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7699"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}